土石坝震损机理及震害影响因素研究

汶川8.0级地震造成主震区四川省境内1997座水库的坝体、溢洪道、输水管、管理房等水利设施不同程度的损毁,不仅无法实现水利功能,而且面临洪水威胁.汶川地震中土石坝典型震害包括裂缝、滑坡、渗漏以及坝体沉陷等.在调查主震区土石坝地震损毁特点的基础上,分析了均质土坝、面板堆石坝、心墙坝等坝型主要震害产生的原因,阐述了影响土石坝震害程度的诸多因素及其作用方式,控制性因素主要有外部因素如场地类别、地震动参数,坝体内部因素如坝料特性、坝型及坝高、坝坡坡率等.     

基于双指标的安康水库防洪预报调度规则研究

随着水文预报水平的提高，考虑预报信息的防洪预报调度方式日益受到重视。对安康水库实施防洪预报调度的可行性进行了分析，采用“逐级调节法”反复试算修正，确定了以“预报累积净雨量”为主判断指标、“库水位”为辅助指标的安康水库双指标防洪预报调度规则，并对设计洪水及实际洪水进行了调节，调节结果与常规调度比较，水库水位提前降低至汛限水位以下，增加了防洪库容，减小了洪峰段下泄流量，降低了水库最高水位，提高了防洪能力。同时选择不同起调水位，对设计洪水及实际洪水进行调节, 确定合适起调水位，并分析了预报调度和常规调度的风险。结果显示：起调水位抬升，防洪预报调度的风险有所增加，但仍小于常规调度风险，为更好的实现洪水资源的有效利用，建议预报调度起调水位定为3260 m     

Raw single-walled carbon nanotube-induced cytotoxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: comparison to asbestos

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are being developed to be used in many industrial and biomedical applications. However, SWCNT's durability and likely fibrous morphology have raised health concerns. The present investigations were focused on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by raw SWCNT (SWCNT) in human bronchial-epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Asbestos (crocidolite) was used as a positive control. Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to SWCNT induced apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. The generation of hydroxyl radical (^?OH) and increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were concentration-dependent. The increase in apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). A short recovery period of 6?h of cells from SWCNT exposure resulted in reversal of caspase-3 and caspase-7, and a partial reversal of PARP-1 activation. The activation of PARP-1, caspase-3, and caspase-7 was only partially diminished after a recovery of 6?h from the exposure to crocidolite. Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to SWCNT resulted in the phosphorylation of protein p42/44 (p42/44) and protein p38 (p38). SWCNT did not induce protein serine-threonine kinase (AKT) phosphorylation. For all the above end points, crocidolite induced a greater response compared to SWCNT. SWCNT induced a significant activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and the effect was inhibited by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. SWCNT also induced significant increase in the expression levels of c-Jun, βIGH3, and CD44 genes. The results of this study show that the molecular mechanism for raw SWCNT-mediated toxicity in BEAS-2B cells is through the activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and PARP-1. Furthermore, the mechanism of AP-1 and NF-κB activation is through MAPK. This bioactivity of raw SWCNT is associated with the generation of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Considering the role of airway epithelium as a critical barrier for normal pulmonary function and focal point for tumor development, this study demonstrates that raw SWCNT activate molecular events which may be linked to adverse biological responses implicated in pulmonary diseases.     

基于空间信息技术的城市环境时空调控范式研究

城市环境－生态系统是高度复杂的时空复合动力学系统。通过对城市环境问题的空间动力学机制分析后，提出城市环境可持续发展时空调控的层次途径，并构造了融合遥感、地理信息系统等空间信息技术、环境建模技术、决策支持系统、人工智能等技术的城市生态－环境系统时空调控的体系框架，为城市环境管理及环境空间决策提供新的理论范。     

菜对镉污水的净化作用及其机制探讨

将水生植物菜在含不同浓度 Cd Cl2 的培养液中培养不同的时间 ,分别测定菜的茎叶、根系、培养液中的含镉量 ,植株细胞中超氧阴离子 (O-·2 )、丙二醛 (MDA)的含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及细胞外渗的量。实验结果表明 ,菜对镉有较强的耐受性 ,5mg/ L镉为其最小致死浓度 ,菜通过根系的吸收和分泌物的吸附作用固定溶液中的镉 ,对含镉污水有较高的净化能力 ,最高可清除污水中 99.5%的镉。在可耐受的范围内 ,菜植株中 SOD活性应激性升高 ,使镉毒害造成的 O-·2 大量生成与清除达到新的平衡 ,有效抑制膜脂过氧化物 MDA的形成 ,认为这是菜在镉胁迫下的防护机制之一。     

黄河三角洲国家可持续发展实验区发展机制研究

黄河三角洲要实现高效生态经济发展模式,必须走可持续发展之路,建设可持续发展实验区就成为一种必然选择.作为我国第一个跨行政区域的国家级可持续发展实验区,黄河三角洲国家可持续发展实验区的管理体制和运行机制是制约该区域可持续发展的关键因素之一,管理体制和运行机制创新具有重要的实验和示范意义.本文分析了生态因素和区域协调问题对运行机制的影响,剖析了目前实验区管理体制与运行机制存在的主要问题;借鉴国内外类似区域的经验,研究探索了相关区域的管理模式.提出应考虑黄河三角洲可持续发展实验区产业的战略定位,结合区域特点,形成开放型多层联动的促进机制模式,并在政府推动机制、决策咨询机制、开放式联动机制、绩效考核评价机制、市场机制、创新型人才跨行政区合作机制等方面给出了对策与建议.     

Personal need for structure as a boundary condition for humor in leadership

Recent research has established a positive relationship between humor in leadership and organizational behavior variables. However, neither the mechanisms nor the boundary conditions of the positive effects of humor in leadership are completely understood. In this study, we contribute to these questions by investigating the relationship between humor in leadership and follower commitment and burnout in more detail. We propose that these relationships unfold via a relational process and specified this relational process in terms of leader–member exchange. Moreover, we assume that these relationships depend on followers' personal need for structure. We tested the hypothesized moderated‐mediation model in a two‐wave survey study with 142 employees. Our results support the proposed model. We found the predicted indirect effect of humor on commitment and disengagement to be stronger for followers low in need for structure. However, we did not find the proposed effects for emotional exhaustion. We discuss implications for leadership theory, humor theory, and for leadership training and practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岷江流域三江交汇区景观格局变化研究

本文以生态景观理论为基础,地理信息与遥感技术为支撑,对岷江流域三江交汇区三期遥感数据,1990年TM、2002年TM、2014年ETM+数据进行图像分类、景观指数提取、空间分析,同时采用面积转移矩阵统计各景观面积的转移情况,分析景观格局变化的影响因素,研究结果表明:(1)1990—2014年三江交汇区景观类型面积排序为:农田林地草地水域居民地裸地。优势景观为耕地,所占比例由72.83%下降到63.32%,面积减少了3480hm2。草地所占比例呈现波动变化,总体增加了2.81%。林地比例由15.98%上升到18.79%,增加了700hm2。居民地所占比例升高了4.1%;(2)1990年研究区内草地景观易受到外部干扰,其分布形状复杂。林地景观整体聚合度较高同时具有较低的异质性,分布通透性好、规模连续。农田分布较为分散且斑块较小。2002年农田斑块分布复杂化,同时具有聚集度高的特点。2014年研究区内农田优势地位下降。此时农田分布比较破碎并且呈现集中的态势。草地分布规模性较好、分布较为完整,但是内部存在一定的破碎性;(3)三江交汇区景观类型相互转化的主要原因:一是,退耕还林、还草政策实施,海拔超过500m的丘陵山地区域,建立生态保护区。二是,成绵乐铁路和高速路网的完善,使得三江交汇区的土地类型向建设用地转化加快,主要集中在乐山市中区和周围城镇。     

零价铁催化过二硫酸盐降解苯胺

采用Fe⁰催化过二硫酸钠（PS）降解水中苯胺（AN）。在Fe⁰-PS体系中，Fe⁰在酸性条件下被氧化生成Fe²⁺，Fe²⁺可以催化PS产生强氧化性的SO₄^#x02022;-，发生类Fenton试剂氧化反应，从而降解AN。实验结果表明，在PS加入量为6.0mmol/L、Fe⁰加入量为35.7mmol/L、反应时间为120min的条件下，AN降解率可达81.4%，TOC去除率达52.6%，一级反应速率常数为0.03819min^-1。     

柚皮粉对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

采用柚皮粉吸附去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)。考察了pH、吸附时间、柚皮粉用量和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,测定了吸附等温线,对等温吸附规律及吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明,pH、吸附时间、柚皮粉用量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、温度等因素对柚皮粉吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)有显著影响。适宜的吸附条件为:pH 1.5,吸附时间6 h,柚皮粉用量0.5 g/100 mL,Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度不大于10 mg/L,温度25℃。在该条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达98%以上。柚皮粉对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附规律可用Freundlich、Langmuir和Temkin模式较好地描述,吸附呈单分层形式,吸附性能良好,吸附易于进行。柚皮细胞成分中的活性基团与Cr(Ⅵ)发生表面络合作用是吸附的主要机理。